Category Archives: Energy

CPES Policy Committee Update: May 17, 2016

This update features policy, regulatory, legislative, and regional developments in Connecticut and New England. The policy updates are compiled by a team recently formed with support from CPES, known as the New Energy Professionals. If you are interested in learning more about the New Energy Professionals, the Policy Committee, or if you have ideas for future policy updates, we would welcome your input and feedback. Please send comments to Paul Brady, CPES Executive Director, via email: pbrady@ctpower.org.

 

This week’s features:

  • Final legislation passed during the regular legislative session and look into the special session
  • DEEP’s issues notices on 2016 Connecticut Comprehensive Energy Strategy

 

CONNECTICUT LEGISLATION:

Information about the Energy and Technology Committee, including committee meetings and public hearings, is available at: https://www.cga.ct.gov/et/.

The 2016 regular session ended on May 4, 2016.  The following bill that passed both chambers during the regular session and that may be of interest to you received a public act number:

  • H.B. No. 5242:  AN ACT CONCERNING AGRICULTURAL VIRTUAL NET METERING.  PUBLIC ACT 16-46.
  • H.B. No. 5427:  AN ACT CONCERNING THE SHARED CLEAN ENERGY FACILITY PILOT PROGRAM.  PUBLIC ACT 16-116.

Both chambers passed a budget and budget implementer bill during the 2016 special session.  Section 183 of the budget implementer bill diverts to the General Fund in fiscal year 2017 the first $3.3 million of proceeds from Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative auctions that take place on or after January 1, 2017.  Links to the budget and budget implementer are as follows:

  • S.B. No. 501:  AN ACT ADJUSTING THE STATE BUDGET FOR THE BIENNIUM ENDING JUNE 30, 2017.
  • S.B. No. 502:  AN ACT CONCERNING REVENUE AND OTHER ITEMS TO IMPLEMENT THE BUDGET FOR THE BIENNIUM ENDING JUNE 30, 2017.

 

Connecticut Policy/Regulatory Update: Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection

On May 6th, the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (DEEP) issued a Notice of Proceeding and Scoping Meeting regarding the 2016 Connecticut Comprehensive Energy Strategy (CES). The notice is available at the following link. Section 16a-3d of the Connecticut General Statutes requires DEEP to prepare a CES every three years. DEEP issued its first CES in 2013. Pursuant to the notice, DEEP is holding a meeting to deliver a presentation and receive stakeholder comments on the scope of 2016 CES on Tuesday, May 24, 2016, at 9:00 AM in Hearing Room 1 at DEEP’s New Britain Office located at 10 Franklin Square, New Britain, Connecticut. The objective of the scoping meeting will be to provide an overview of, and seek public input on, the expected structure, schedule, and topics for the CES. The major topics identified in the notice include:  (1) Buildings and Industrial Processes; (2) Electricity Supply; and (3) Transportation. Written comments may be filed electronically on DEEP’s website or submitted directly to DEEP at DEEP.EnergyBureau@ct.gov on or before June 14, 2016, by 4:00 p.m. EDT.

 

CPES Policy Committee Update: May 3, 2016

This update features policy, regulatory, legislative, and regional developments in Connecticut and New England. The policy updates are compiled by a team recently formed with support from CPES, known as the New Energy Professionals. If you are interested in learning more about the New Energy Professionals, the Policy Committee, or if you have ideas for future policy updates, we would welcome your input and feedback. Please send comments to Paul Brady, CPES Executive Director, via email: pbrady@ctpower.org.

This week’s features:

  • A Wealth of Competitive Products on EnergizeCT
  • MicroGrids, Net Metering and Green Bank subject of legislation that is on the move
  • New England gas pipeline expansion status

 

CONNECTICUT POLICY/REGULATORY UPDATE:  CT Public Utilities Regulatory Authority

Connecticut Energy Shopping Site Shows Opportunities for Savings; Majority Of Competitive Suppliers Provide Green Power, Value-Added Products

Under the auspices of the Public Utility Regulatory Authority, the State of Connecticut has established EnergizeCT, a robust, well-designed and consumer-friendly electricity shopping website that routinely posts competitive generation supply products offered by licensed retail electricity suppliers, the Retail Energy Supply Association said yesterday in announcing a review of the savings and value-added services available to customers

RESA’s review of EnergizeCT shows more than two dozen competitive retail energy suppliers actively posting 212 different product offerings at prices highly competitive with default rates offered by the state’s utility companies.

The review shows there are a significant number of competitive pricing plans with terms of service that vary from six to 12 months that offer Connecticut electricity consumers the opportunity to beat the current Standard Service rates by 20 percent, 25 percent and in some cases over 30 percent, RESA said

“A wealth of competitive electricity products offer Connecticut consumers the opportunity to realize savings on their bill,” observed Marc Hanks, RESA’s New England chairman. “But there are also a wide range of value-added product offerings, the most prominent among them being ‘green’ energy products that offer consumers an opportunity to buy electricity that meets their environmental preferences.”

http://www.energychoicematters.com/stories/20160428f.html

 

CONNECTICUT LEGISLATION:

Information about the Energy and Technology Committee, including committee meetings and public hearings, is available at: https://www.cga.ct.gov/et/.  The deadline to report bills out of the Energy and Technology Committee has passed.

On April 27, 2016, the Senate passed the following bills that may be of interest to you:

  • S.B. No. 272: Senate passed as amended by Senate Amendment Schedule A. (AN ACT CONCERNING THE USE OF MICROGRID GRANTS AND LOANS FOR CERTAIN DISTRIBUTED ENERGY GENERATION PROJECTS).
  • S.B. No. 366: Senate passed as amended by Senate Amendment Schedule A. (AN ACT CONCERNING ADMINISTRATION OF THE CONNECTICUT GREEN BANK, THE PRIORITY OF THE BENEFIT ASSESSMENTS LIEN UNDER THE GREEN BANK’S COMMERCIAL SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PROGRAM AND THE GREEN BANK’S SOLAR HOME RENEWABLE ENERGY CREDIT PROGRAM).

On April 28, 2016, the Senate passed the following bill that may be of interest to you:

  • S.B. No. 394: Senate passed as amended by Senate Amendment Schedule A. (AN ACT CONCERNING AUTHORIZATIONS RELATING TO VIRTUAL NET METERING FOR CERTAIN ZERO OR LOW EMISSION GENERATION PROJECTS).

On April 29, 2016, the Senate passed the following bill that may be of interest to you:

  • S.B. No. 344: Senate passed as amended by Senate Amendment Schedule A.  (AN ACT REQUIRING A STUDY OF THE ADEQUACY OF ENERGY SUPPLIES IN THE STATE).

 

Regional and Industry Developments

Maine Public Hearings on Pipeline Expansion

State utility regulators will begin public hearings Thursday on a three-year-old plan to expand pipeline capacity and potentially lower energy costs by committing ratepayers to spend up to $75 million annually on natural gas purchases.  But after three years of study, it’s still unclear how much money – if any – utility customers would save by helping to increase the supply of natural gas, which is used to generate half of New England’s electric power.

http://www.pressherald.com/2016/04/27/hearings-begin-thursday-on-plan-to-expand-natural-gas-pipeline-capacity/

CPES Policy Committee Update: April 26, 2016

This update features policy, regulatory, legislative, and regional developments in Connecticut and New England. The policy updates are compiled by a team recently formed with support from CPES, known as the New Energy Professionals. If you are interested in learning more about the New Energy Professionals, the Policy Committee, or if you have ideas for future policy updates, we would welcome your input and feedback. Please send comments to Paul Brady, CPES Executive Director, via email: pbrady@ctpower.org.

This week’s features:

  • U.S. Supreme Court Weighs In On Wholesale Energy Markets
  • Kinder Morgan Halts Pipeline Expansion into the Region
  • RESA Explains Why Comparing Retail Products to Standard Service Is Improper
  • Long-Awaited NYGATS is Launched
  • Five Energy Related Bills Progressing In the CT Legislature

 

Regional and Industry Developments

FERC has Exclusive Jurisdiction

In a unanimous decision Tuesday morning, the U.S. Supreme Court handed down an 8-0 ruling which found that Maryland’s program to incentivize new in-state generation capacity intruded on the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s exclusive jurisdiction over wholesale energy markets under the Federal Power Act. Maryland’s controversial program required Maryland’s utilities to enter into contracts-for-differences (CFDs) with new in-state power generation resources to ensure those resources cleared wholesale market auctions. The Court rejected the Maryland program, finding the contracts “intrude on FERC’s authority over interstate wholesale rates.” While the Court found the Maryland program impermissible, the justices appear to have left the door open for other state generation incentives more squarely aimed at environmental objectives. The Court’s ruling is available at the following link.

 

Kinder Morgan Suspends Further Work and Expenditures on Northeast Energy Direct Project

On April 20, 2016, Kinder Morgan issued the following statement on the Northeast Energy Direct project: “As a result of inadequate capacity commitments from prospective customers, Kinder Morgan, Inc., (NYSE: KMI) and its subsidiary, Tennessee Gas Pipeline Company (TGP), have suspended further work and expenditures on the Northeast Energy Direct (NED) project.” The NED project was a proposed natural gas pipeline expansion project aimed at upgrading natural gas infrastructure in Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut to help meet increased demand for natural gas in the northeast. Kinder Morgan filed its certificate application for the NED project with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission on November 20, 2015. The project had a planned in-service date of 2018. For more information on the proposed project, see Kinder Morgan’s NED website.

 

Retail Energy Supply Association Is Critical of Report by CT Consumer Counsel

On April 20, 2016, the Retail Energy Supply Association (RESA) explained why Consumer Counsel’s comparison of utility Standard Service electric rates and the complex product offerings of competitive retail suppliers is an unfair comparison.  RESA explains that there are various value-added products offered by suppliers that a consumer cannot obtain from the distribution electric utility company.  http://resausa.org/news-events/resa-responds-connecticut-consumer-counsel%E2%80%99s-press-release.  (Links: CT Office of Consumer Counsel Fact Sheet: Electric Supplier Market and OCC Press Release)

 

NYSERDA Launches NYGATS

The New York Generation Attribute Tracking System (NYGATS), a web-based tracking system that will record electricity generation attribute information within New York State, and process generation attribute information from energy imported and consumed within the state, as a basis for creating tradable generation attribute certificates. NYGATS is being launched in two phases; Phase 1 for Account Holder and Project Registration and Phase 2 for Certificate Creation. During Phase 1, all users of NYGATS are required to register their projects or accounts. During Phase 2, certificates will be created and available for generation back to January 1, 2016.  Please refer to the NYGATS informational web site http://www.nyserda.ny.gov/NYGATS for access to the NYGATS registry, trainings and documents including the final NYGATS Operating Rules. Users may also register for a free NYGATS Account Registration and User Training Webinar on April 26 or May 2.

 

Connecticut Legislation

CONNECTICUT LEGISLATION:

Information about the Energy and Technology Committee, including committee meetings and public hearings, is available at: https://www.cga.ct.gov/et/.  The deadline to report bills out of the Energy and Technology Committee has passed.

On April 19, 2016, the Senate passed the following bill that may be of interest to you:

·         S.B. No. 334:  Senate passed.  (AN ACT CONCERNING REVISIONS TO CERTAIN ENERGY PURCHASING POOL AND LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSES STATUTES).

On April 20, 2016, the Senate passed the following bill that may be of interest to you:

  • S.B. No. 103:  Senate passed as amended by Senate Amendment Schedule A.  (AN ACT CONCERNING MINOR REVISIONS TO ENERGY-RELATED STATUTES).

On April 20, 2016, the House of Representatives passed the following bill that may be of interest to you:

  • H.B. No. 5309:  House passed as amended by House Amendment Schedule A.  (AN ACT CONCERNING FACILITATION OF THE MUNICIPAL RESIDENTIAL SOLAR APPLICATION PROCESS).

On April 21, 2016, the House of Representatives passed the following bill that may be of interest to you:

  • H.B. No. 5496:  House passed as amended by House Amendment Schedule A.  (AN ACT CONCERNING BIOMASS FACILITIES AND CERTAIN VIRTUAL NET METERING FACILITIES).

On April 22, 2016, the House of Representatives passed the following bill that may be of interest to you:

  • H.B. No. 5427: House passed as amended by House Amendment Schedule A.  (AN ACT CONCERNING THE SHARED CLEAN ENERGY FACILITY PILOT PROGRAM). 

CPES Policy Committee Update: April 15, 2016

This update features policy, regulatory, legislative, and regional developments in Connecticut and New England. The policy updates are compiled by a team recently formed with support from CPES, known as the New Energy Professionals. If you are interested in learning more about the New Energy Professionals, the Policy Committee, or if you have ideas for future policy updates, we would welcome your input and feedback. Please send comments to Paul Brady, CPES Executive Director, via email: pbrady@ctpower.org.

This week’s features:

  • Summary of CPES Natural Gas Infrastructure Event
  • PURA Ends Notice Requirements for Retail Suppliers
  • Governor’s proposed budget does not include raiding funds from Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)
  • Net metering bill raised in legislature
  • Nuclear Power Plant Announces Future Plans

 

Project Development: Natural Gas Infrastructure Projects Serving Customers in Connecticut

DSC03604On April 13, 2016, the Connecticut Power and Energy Society (CPES) heard from representatives of the natural gas industry on infrastructure projects progressing within Connecticut and throughout New England. As background, moderator Stephen Leahy, Vice President of Policy & Analysis for the Northeast Gas Association, explained that there are five interstate natural gas pipelines serving New England: (1) the Algonquin Gas Transmission Pipeline, (2) the Tennessee Gas Pipeline, (3) the Iroquois Gas Transmission System, (4) the Portland Natural Gas Transmission System, and (5) the Maritimes and Northeast Pipeline. There are also several liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities serving the region, including Distrigas in Everett, Massachusetts and Canaport in Saint John, New Brunswick.

Michael Dirrane, Director of Marketing for Spectra Energy, discussed the infrastructure projects in progress and proposed along the Algonquin and Maritimes transmission systems, including the Algonquin Incremental Market (AIM) project, the Atlantic Bridge project, and the Access Northeast project. According to Dirrane, the AIM project will add 20% more gas capacity to the Algonquin pipeline, enabling additional supplies of Marcellus Shale gas to reach customers in Connecticut. The project has an in-service date of November 2016.

Cynthia Armstrong, Director of Marketing & Business Development for Portland Natural Gas Transmission System (PNGTS), provided background on PNGTS, which began serving New England in 1999 and now consists of more than 300 miles of pipeline. She explained that PNGTS delivers gas into the Algonquin and Tennessee pipelines, back-feeding the region’s natural gas transmission system from the east.

Rob Perless, Project Development Manager for Iroquois Gas Transmission System, provided background on the Iroquois system, which commenced operations in 1991 and was designed to bring Canadian gas down to the New York and New England markets. Perless provided an update on the Constitution Pipeline project, which has faced significant regulatory delays in the State of New York. Perless also provided an update on the project Iroquois plans to submit in response to the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection’s Request for Proposals (RFP) for natural gas expansion projects.

Gregg Therrien, Director of Gas Construction for Connecticut Natural Gas and The Southern Connecticut Gas Company, discussed expansion projects on the local gas distribution system in Connecticut. Many of these projects, he explained, were made possible by the 2013 Comprehensive Energy Strategy and legislation passed in 2014 to enable the recovery of costs associated with gas expansion projects over a 25-year period.

Christopher Lucca, Program Manager of Gas Expansion for Eversource, discussed the Wilton, Connecticut expansion project, a 3.6-mile distribution system expansion project which began on August 1, 2014 and concluded on October 24, 2014. The project involved extensive community engagement to ensure construction met the Town’s desired timeline, particularly for a local school and the downtown business district. This project would not have been possible, Lucca said, without the Comprehensive Energy Strategy and the legislation passed to implement it.

 

CONNECTICUT POLICY/REGULATORY UPDATE:  CT Public Utilities Regulatory Authority

The Connecticut PURA has formally terminated the requirement for retail suppliers to file quarterly notices with PURA. In a letter dated April 11, 2016, after receiving notices from multiple suppliers, PURA acknowledged the required information contained in the quarterly notices has since been incorporated into residential bills provided by the electric distribution companies, pursuant to PURA’s Decisions in Docket Nos. 14-07-19, PURA Investigation Into Redesign of the Residential Electric Billing Format and 14-07-19RE01, PURA Investigation Into Redesign of the Residential Electric Billing Format – Billing Format Clarifications. Consequently, PURA determined the notices are no longer required. The letter is available at the following link.

 

CONNECTICUT LEGISLATIVE UPDATE

Last week, we reported that the legislature proposed raiding $20M in funds from the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI).  On April 12, 2016, Governor Malloy released his budget proposal, which did not include a provision raiding the RGGI funds.  http://www.hartfordbusiness.com/article/20160412/NEWS01/160419987/officials-raiding-carbon-funds-will-increase-power-costs

Information about the Energy and Technology Committee, including committee meetings and public hearings, is available at: https://www.cga.ct.gov/et/.

The deadline to report bills out of the Energy and Technology Committee has passed.  On April 12, 2016, the House of Representatives passed the following bill that may be of interest to you:

  • H.B. No. 5242 (RAISED) ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY . ‘AN ACT CONCERNING AGRICULTURAL VIRTUAL NET METERING’, to allow agricultural customers to lease or enter into long-term contracts for an agricultural virtual net metering facility. 
    REF. ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY

 

Regional and Industry Developments

Entergy Announces Plans to Operate Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station through May 2019

Entergy Corporation, owner and operator of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station in Plymouth, Massachusetts, has announced plans to refuel in 2017 and continue operating the power plant until May 31, 2019. For more information, see Entergy’s official operational update: http://www.pilgrimpower.com/operational-update/.

CPES Policy Committee Update: March 29, 2016

This update features policy, regulatory, legislative, and regional developments in Connecticut and New England. The policy updates are compiled by a team recently formed with support from CPES, known as the New Energy Professionals. If you are interested in learning more about the New Energy Professionals, the Policy Committee, or if you have ideas for future policy updates, we would welcome your input and feedback. Please send comments to Paul Brady, CPES Executive Director, via email: pbrady@ctpower.org.

 

This week’s features:

  • DEEP posts its presentation from the March 24 bidders’ conference on RFP for small renewables, demand response, and energy storage
  • E&T Committee holds informational forum on the adequacy of energy supplies including nuclear power in the state
  • ISO-NE submits report to FERC on price formation in the region’s wholesale electricity markets

 

Connecticut Policy/Regulatory Update: Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection

The Department of Energy and Environmental Protection’s (DEEP) Bureau of Energy Technology Policy has posted its presentation from the March 24, 2016 Bidders’ Conference. During the Bidders’ Conference, DEEP clarified issues regarding requirements for energy storage, eligibility and land use requirements, and the evaluation process. The presentation is available here.

 

Connecticut Legislative Update: Energy & Technology Committee

Information about the Energy & Technology Committee, including committee meetings and public hearings, is available at: https://www.cga.ct.gov/et/.

On Thursday, March 24, 2016, the Energy & Technology Committee held an informational forum on the adequacy of energy supplies including nuclear power in the state.  The forum included presentations from:

  1. Former U.S. Senator Evan Bayh – Co-Chair, Nuclear Matters
  2. Katie Scharf Dykes – Deputy Commissioner for Energy, Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection
  3. Daniel G. Stoddard – Senior Vice President, Nuclear Operations, Dominion; Daniel A. Weekley – Vice President, Corporate Affairs, Dominion
  4. James Daly – Vice President, Energy Supply, Eversource Energy
  5. Alan Trotta – Director, Wholesale Power Contracts, Avangrid
  6. Arthur H. House – Chairman, Connecticut Public Utilities Regulatory Authority
  7. Elin S. Katz – Consumer Counsel, Connecticut Office of Consumer Counsel

In the appendix below, please see a list of bills that may be of interest to our members.

 

Regional and Industry Developments

ISO New England Submits Report to FERC on Price Formation

Earlier this month, ISO New England filed its responses to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) questions on price formation in the region’s wholesale electricity markets. The ISO report includes detailed answers to the complex issues raised by FERC and highlights the significant strides made regionally to achieve pricing that accurately and transparently signals the costs of operating New England’s power system. Public comments on the report will be accepted through April 6, 2016.

For more information, see the following ISO Newswire article: ISO-NE report on market price formation highlights complexity of issue, regional improvements.

 

Appendix

On March 22, 2016, the following bills were reported out of the Energy & Technology Committee:

  • S.B. No. 334 (RAISED) ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY . ‘AN ACT CONCERNING MINOR REVISIONS TO THE ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY RELATED STATUTES’, to (1) allow an electric distribution company to recover costs associated with the shared clean energy facilities pilot program, (2) make changes regarding contracting in connection with the purchasing pool for electricity, (3) make changes to the requirements for energy performance standards and life-cycle cost analyses, (4) remove the federal weatherization program from the purview of the Department of Social Services, and (5) make other conforming and technical changes. REF. ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY.
  • S.B. No. 345 (RAISED) ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY . ‘AN ACT REQUIRING A STUDY OF THE DIVERSITY OF ENERGY SOURCES IN THE STATE’, to require the chairperson of the Public Utilities Regulatory Authority to conduct a study pertaining to energy sources. REF. ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY.
  • S.B. No. 366 (RAISED) ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY . ‘AN ACT CONCERNING ADMINISTRATION OF THE CONNECTICUT GREEN BANK, THE PRIORITY OF THE BENEFIT ASSESSMENTS LIEN UNDER THE GREEN BANK’S COMMERCIAL SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PROGRAM AND THE GREEN BANK’S SOLAR HOME RENEWABLE ENERGY CREDIT PROGRAM’, to (1) remove the Connecticut Green Bank from Connecticut Innovations, Incorporated, (2) give the Connecticut Green Bank additional powers, (3) make changes regarding the priority of the benefit assessments lien under the Connecticut Green Bank’s commercial sustainable energy program, (4) make changes to the solar home renewable energy credit program, and (5) make other technical and conforming changes. REF. ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY.
  • S.B. No. 394 (RAISED) ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY . ‘AN ACT CONCERNING VIRTUAL NET METERING AND CERTAIN ZERO OR LOW EMISSION GENERATION PROJECTS’, to make changes to the state’s virtual net metering program concerning certain zero or low emission generation projects. REF. ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY.
  • H.B. No. 5496 (RAISED) ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY . ‘AN ACT CONCERNING BIOMASS FACILITIES’, to allow an administrator of certain biomass facilities to request a modification to the electricity purchase agreement to allow utilization of additional sustainable biomass fuel. REF. ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY.
  • H.B. No. 5504 (RAISED) ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY . ‘AN ACT CONCERNING NOTICE AND PUBLIC INFORMATION SESSIONS FOR PROJECTS CONSIDERED AND APPROVED BY THE SITING COUNCIL’, to require a public information session if a certified facility has not commenced construction three years from the date of the issuance of the certificate and to require reissuance of the notice of application if a certified facility has not completed construction three years from the date of the issuance of the certificate. REF. ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY.
  • H.B. No. 5509 (RAISED) ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY.  ‘AN ACT CONCERNING STAFFING LEVELS FOR ELECTRIC SERVICE LINEWORKERS’, to establish minimum staffing levels of electric service lineworkers for electric distribution companies. REF. ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY.
  • H.B. No. 5510 (RAISED) ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY . ‘AN ACT CONCERNING ELECTRIC, ZERO EMISSION AND FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES’, to prepare electric distribution companies, municipalities, public and private merchants and electrical contractors for the presence and operation of electric, zero-emission and fuel cell vehicles in the state, to make changes regarding parking of hydrogen fuel vehicles under grade level and to make changes regarding labeling of vehicles that carry pressurized gas as fuel. REF. ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY.